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    "description": "BackgroundDisulfiram (DS), in the presence of copper (Cu), exhibited potent broad anticancer activity. However, its clinical application is limited due to the poor solubility and stability. Hence, a novel nanocombination of DS with bacterially synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) was prepared herein to improve the anticancer efficacy of the typical DS\u2013Cu complex. Our design utilized the nanocharacterization and prooxidant effect-mediated anticancer activity of CuO NPs which may lead to enhanced cellular uptake and thus improved anticancer efficacy of this unique nanocomplex.ResultsThe characterized DS\u2013CuO NPs exhibited high stability in serum and the strongest selective anticancer activity, with the lowest half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50\u2009<\u200915\u00a0nM), against human breast, lung and liver cancer cells, by\u2009>10-fold, compared to DS\u2013Cu, CuO NPs and Cu. Importantly, DS\u2013CuO NPs revealed better synergistic anticancer effect and higher cellular uptake than DS\u2013Cu. Moreover, this novel nanocomplex showed higher prooxidant effect-mediated apoptosis and anti-metastatic potential. This was accomplished by elevating cellular reactive species content with inhibiting the antioxidant defenders (functional marker of cancer stem cells (aldehyde dehydrogenase) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor2), matrix metallopeptidase 9 and NF-\u03baB as well as enhancing p53 expression.ConclusionAll of the aforementioned findings verified that this novel nanocomplex was capable of improving the therapeutic index of the conventional DS\u2013Cu complex. The potent selective anticancer activity of this promising nanomedicine merits further investigation, as a separate future study, using animal models as preliminary step before its clinical application.Graphic abstract", 
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        "name": "Cancer Nanotechnology", 
        "publisher": "Springer Nature", 
        "type": "Periodical"
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      "anticancer activity", 
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      "matrix metallopeptidase 9", 
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      "clinical application", 
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      "liver cancer cells", 
      "synergistic anticancer effect", 
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    "name": "Novel nanoformulation of disulfiram with bacterially synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles for augmenting anticancer activity: an in vitro study", 
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