Ontology type: schema:ScholarlyArticle Open Access: True
2011-01
AUTHORSR F Duarte, B E Shaw, P Marín, P Kottaridis, M Ortiz, C Morante, J Delgado, J Gayoso, R Goterriz, C Martínez-Chamorro, J J Mateos-Mazón, C Ramírez, J de la Rubia, H Achtereekte, P J Gandhi, K W Douglas, N H Russell
ABSTRACTPlerixafor was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) to enhance stem cell mobilization for autologous transplant in patients with lymphoma and multiple myeloma. In this study, we present the first European compassionate use experience in mobilization failures, patients who are hardest to remobilize but were not included in registration trials. A total of 56 consecutive patients from 15 centers in Spain and the United Kingdom were included: age 60 (33-69) years; 29 men (32 with myeloma and 24 with lymphoma); 2 lines of previous chemotherapy (1-10); 73 previously failed mobilization attempts with G-CSF (28), chemotherapy plus G-CSF (43) or G-CSF plus SCF(2). Overall, 71% of patients reached ≥ 10 CD34+ cells per μL with plerixafor on day 5 after a 7.6-fold expansion from day 4. A total of 42 patients (75%) collected ≥ 2 × 10⁶, average 3.0 ± 1.7 (0.4-10.6) CD34+ cells per kg with plerixafor plus G-CSF. There were no severe drug-related adverse events. In all, 35 patients (63%) underwent transplant, receiving an average of 3.1±1.2 (1.9-7.7) × 10⁶ CD34+ cells per kg. All patients engrafted neutrophils (day 12; 13.4 ± 0.8; 8-30) and platelets (day 15; 18.5 ± 2.4; 8-33). In our experience, plerixafor offers an effective alternative to collect sufficient CD34+ cells for autologous SCT from patients who fail conventional mobilization methods, with good tolerance and a high success rate. More... »
PAGES52
http://scigraph.springernature.com/pub.10.1038/bmt.2010.54
DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2010.54
DIMENSIONShttps://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1028061284
PUBMEDhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20305700
JSON-LD is the canonical representation for SciGraph data.
TIP: You can open this SciGraph record using an external JSON-LD service: JSON-LD Playground Google SDTT
[
{
"@context": "https://springernature.github.io/scigraph/jsonld/sgcontext.json",
"about": [
{
"id": "http://purl.org/au-research/vocabulary/anzsrc-for/2008/1112",
"inDefinedTermSet": "http://purl.org/au-research/vocabulary/anzsrc-for/2008/",
"name": "Oncology and Carcinogenesis",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"id": "http://purl.org/au-research/vocabulary/anzsrc-for/2008/11",
"inDefinedTermSet": "http://purl.org/au-research/vocabulary/anzsrc-for/2008/",
"name": "Medical and Health Sciences",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Adult",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Aged",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Antigens, CD34",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Cohort Studies",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Compassionate Use Trials",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Drug Therapy, Combination",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "European Union",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Female",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Graft Survival",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Heterocyclic Compounds",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Humans",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Lymphoma",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Male",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Middle Aged",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Multiple Myeloma",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Transplantation, Autologous",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
},
{
"inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/",
"name": "Treatment Outcome",
"type": "DefinedTerm"
}
],
"author": [
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Institut Catal\u00e0 d'Oncologia",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.418701.b",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Duarte",
"givenName": "R F",
"id": "sg:person.01321024667.53",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher=ur.01321024667.53"
],
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Royal Marsden Hospital",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.424926.f",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton and Anthony Nolan Trust, London, UK"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Shaw",
"givenName": "B E",
"id": "sg:person.0727054455.03",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher=ur.0727054455.03"
],
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Hospital Clinic of Barcelona",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.410458.c",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Mar\u00edn",
"givenName": "P",
"id": "sg:person.01331303070.64",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher=ur.01331303070.64"
],
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Royal Free Hospital",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.426108.9",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Kottaridis",
"givenName": "P",
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.411457.2",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Hospital Carlos Haya, M\u00e1laga, Spain"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Ortiz",
"givenName": "M",
"id": "sg:person.01147501766.36",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher=ur.01147501766.36"
],
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Central University Hospital of Asturias",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.411052.3",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Morante",
"givenName": "C",
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Hospital de Sant Pau",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.413396.a",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Delgado",
"givenName": "J",
"id": "sg:person.01027701257.08",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher=ur.01027701257.08"
],
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.410526.4",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Hospital Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, Madrid, Spain"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Gayoso",
"givenName": "J",
"id": "sg:person.01311003245.31",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher=ur.01311003245.31"
],
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.411308.f",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario, Valencia, Spain"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Goterriz",
"givenName": "R",
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Hospital Quiron",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.440085.d",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Hospital Quir\u00f3n, Madrid, Spain"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Mart\u00ednez-Chamorro",
"givenName": "C",
"id": "sg:person.0755177223.07",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher=ur.0755177223.07"
],
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Hospital de Cruces",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.411232.7",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Hospital de Cruces, Baracaldo, Spain"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Mateos-Maz\u00f3n",
"givenName": "J J",
"id": "sg:person.01324066431.46",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher=ur.01324066431.46"
],
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coru\u00f1a",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.411066.4",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Hospital Juan Canalejo, Coru\u00f1a, Spain"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Ram\u00edrez",
"givenName": "C",
"id": "sg:person.01310400541.90",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher=ur.01310400541.90"
],
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Hospital Universitari i Polit\u00e8cnic La Fe",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.84393.35",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "de la Rubia",
"givenName": "J",
"id": "sg:person.01215702607.73",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher=ur.01215702607.73"
],
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Sanofi (United States)",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.417555.7",
"name": [
"Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Achtereekte",
"givenName": "H",
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Sanofi (United States)",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.417555.7",
"name": [
"Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Gandhi",
"givenName": "P J",
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"name": [
"The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Center, Glasgow, UK"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Douglas",
"givenName": "K W",
"id": "sg:person.01343756547.22",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher=ur.01343756547.22"
],
"type": "Person"
},
{
"affiliation": {
"alternateName": "Queen's Medical Centre",
"id": "https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.415598.4",
"name": [
"Department of Haematology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK"
],
"type": "Organization"
},
"familyName": "Russell",
"givenName": "N H",
"id": "sg:person.0675233407.23",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher=ur.0675233407.23"
],
"type": "Person"
}
],
"citation": [
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.07.004",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1003684489"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90536-x",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1007053081"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "sg:pub.10.1038/bmt.2009.7",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1007932973",
"https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2009.7"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "sg:pub.10.1038/sj.bmt.1705908",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1010137060",
"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1705908"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "sg:pub.10.1038/sj.leu.2404801",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1011029060",
"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2404801"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(09)05203-3",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1016236065"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40030339.x",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1017841995"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1097/moh.0b013e328330990f",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1018656886"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1097/moh.0b013e328330990f",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1018656886"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1097/moh.0b013e328330990f",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1018656886"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "sg:pub.10.1038/sj.bmt.1705147",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1020807511",
"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1705147"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "sg:pub.10.1038/bmt.2008.409",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1024209668",
"https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2008.409"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2008.20.7209",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1034257384"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000137371.80695.ef",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1036786448"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000137371.80695.ef",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1036786448"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.6.1667-1673.2000",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1039752461"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "sg:pub.10.1038/sj.bmt.1705763",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1042620063",
"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1705763"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa022340",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1043734366"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-08-174946",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1044437018"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "sg:pub.10.1038/sj.bmt.1703729",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1045597934",
"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1703729"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "sg:pub.10.1038/sj.bmt.1704486",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1046962803",
"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1704486"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "sg:pub.10.1038/sj.thj.6200057",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1056649329",
"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.thj.6200057"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.1.1992.1.329",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1059308867"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.1.1998.7.241",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1059309335"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2000.18.6.1360",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1074604338"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1076978244",
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1077333024",
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1082400207",
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.1995.13.6.1328",
"sameAs": [
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1082404218"
],
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1082421977",
"type": "CreativeWork"
},
{
"id": "https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1082421978",
"type": "CreativeWork"
}
],
"datePublished": "2011-01",
"datePublishedReg": "2011-01-01",
"description": "Plerixafor was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) to enhance stem cell mobilization for autologous transplant in patients with lymphoma and multiple myeloma. In this study, we present the first European compassionate use experience in mobilization failures, patients who are hardest to remobilize but were not included in registration trials. A total of 56 consecutive patients from 15 centers in Spain and the United Kingdom were included: age 60 (33-69) years; 29 men (32 with myeloma and 24 with lymphoma); 2 lines of previous chemotherapy (1-10); 73 previously failed mobilization attempts with G-CSF (28), chemotherapy plus G-CSF (43) or G-CSF plus SCF(2). Overall, 71% of patients reached \u2265 10 CD34+ cells per \u03bcL with plerixafor on day 5 after a 7.6-fold expansion from day 4. A total of 42 patients (75%) collected \u2265 2 \u00d7 10\u2076, average 3.0 \u00b1 1.7 (0.4-10.6) CD34+ cells per kg with plerixafor plus G-CSF. There were no severe drug-related adverse events. In all, 35 patients (63%) underwent transplant, receiving an average of 3.1\u00b11.2 (1.9-7.7) \u00d7 10\u2076 CD34+ cells per kg. All patients engrafted neutrophils (day 12; 13.4 \u00b1 0.8; 8-30) and platelets (day 15; 18.5 \u00b1 2.4; 8-33). In our experience, plerixafor offers an effective alternative to collect sufficient CD34+ cells for autologous SCT from patients who fail conventional mobilization methods, with good tolerance and a high success rate.",
"genre": "research_article",
"id": "sg:pub.10.1038/bmt.2010.54",
"inLanguage": [
"en"
],
"isAccessibleForFree": true,
"isPartOf": [
{
"id": "sg:journal.1096890",
"issn": [
"0268-3369",
"1476-5365"
],
"name": "Bone Marrow Transplantation",
"type": "Periodical"
},
{
"issueNumber": "1",
"type": "PublicationIssue"
},
{
"type": "PublicationVolume",
"volumeNumber": "46"
}
],
"name": "Plerixafor plus granulocyte CSF can mobilize hematopoietic stem cells from multiple myeloma and lymphoma patients failing previous mobilization attempts: EU compassionate use data",
"pagination": "52",
"productId": [
{
"name": "readcube_id",
"type": "PropertyValue",
"value": [
"85ad80d3c95ac356e86d77b8717e9637a24ab3cf30c76c929139a9e328ddc20d"
]
},
{
"name": "pubmed_id",
"type": "PropertyValue",
"value": [
"20305700"
]
},
{
"name": "nlm_unique_id",
"type": "PropertyValue",
"value": [
"8702459"
]
},
{
"name": "doi",
"type": "PropertyValue",
"value": [
"10.1038/bmt.2010.54"
]
},
{
"name": "dimensions_id",
"type": "PropertyValue",
"value": [
"pub.1028061284"
]
}
],
"sameAs": [
"https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2010.54",
"https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1028061284"
],
"sdDataset": "articles",
"sdDatePublished": "2019-04-10T17:23",
"sdLicense": "https://scigraph.springernature.com/explorer/license/",
"sdPublisher": {
"name": "Springer Nature - SN SciGraph project",
"type": "Organization"
},
"sdSource": "s3://com-uberresearch-data-dimensions-target-20181106-alternative/cleanup/v134/2549eaecd7973599484d7c17b260dba0a4ecb94b/merge/v9/a6c9fde33151104705d4d7ff012ea9563521a3ce/jats-lookup/v90/0000000001_0000000264/records_8672_00000469.jsonl",
"type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/bmt201054"
}
]Download the RDF metadata as: json-ld nt turtle xml License info
JSON-LD is a popular format for linked data which is fully compatible with JSON.
curl -H 'Accept: application/ld+json' 'https://scigraph.springernature.com/pub.10.1038/bmt.2010.54'
N-Triples is a line-based linked data format ideal for batch operations.
curl -H 'Accept: application/n-triples' 'https://scigraph.springernature.com/pub.10.1038/bmt.2010.54'
Turtle is a human-readable linked data format.
curl -H 'Accept: text/turtle' 'https://scigraph.springernature.com/pub.10.1038/bmt.2010.54'
RDF/XML is a standard XML format for linked data.
curl -H 'Accept: application/rdf+xml' 'https://scigraph.springernature.com/pub.10.1038/bmt.2010.54'
This table displays all metadata directly associated to this object as RDF triples.
388 TRIPLES
21 PREDICATES
77 URIs
41 LITERALS
29 BLANK NODES