# Particle creation by black holes

Ontology type: schema:ScholarlyArticle      Open Access: True

### Article Info

DATE

1975-08

AUTHORS ABSTRACT

In the classical theory black holes can only absorb and not emit particles. However it is shown that quantum mechanical effects cause black holes to create and emit particles as if they were hot bodies with temperature\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $$\frac{{h\kappa }}{{2\pi k}} \approx 10^{ - 6} \left( {\frac{{M_ \odot }}{M}} \right){}^ \circ K$$ \end{document} where κ is the surface gravity of the black hole. This thermal emission leads to a slow decrease in the mass of the black hole and to its eventual disappearance: any primordial black hole of mass less than about 1015 g would have evaporated by now. Although these quantum effects violate the classical law that the area of the event horizon of a black hole cannot decrease, there remains a Generalized Second Law:S+1/4A never decreases whereS is the entropy of matter outside black holes andA is the sum of the surface areas of the event horizons. This shows that gravitational collapse converts the baryons and leptons in the collapsing body into entropy. It is tempting to speculate that this might be the reason why the Universe contains so much entropy per baryon. More... »

PAGES

199-220

### References to SciGraph publications

• 1972-06. Black holes in general relativity in COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
• 1974-03. A new definition of conformal and projective infinity of space-times in COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
• 1968-12. Hamilton-Jacobi and Schrodinger Separable Solutions of Einstein’s Equations in COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
• 1972-07. Floating Orbits, Superradiant Scattering and the Black-hole Bomb in NATURE
• 1973-06. The four laws of black hole mechanics in COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
• ### Journal

TITLE

Communications in Mathematical Physics

ISSUE

3

VOLUME

43

### Identifiers

URI

http://scigraph.springernature.com/pub.10.1007/bf02345020

DOI

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02345020

DIMENSIONS

https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1010701796

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