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    "description": "Dendrites interact with hydrodynamic flows during solidification. In the presence of gravity, thermal and solutal buoyancy forces induce convective motion in the melt. The basic theories of dendritic growth, however, are best tested under diffusion-controlled conditions, where, ideally, gravitational acceleration and convection are absent, or at least drastically reduced. Microgravity experiments of the Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE) were designed to measure convection-free dendritic growth. IDGE experiments to accomplish this were flown on United States Microgravity Payload Missions: USMP-2 (March 1994), USMP-3 (March 1996), and USMP-4 (December 1997).The data from these space flights consist of hundreds of measurements of the steady-state dendritic speeds and tip radii measured as functions of the supercooling on high-purity succinonitrile (SCN) and pivalic acid (PVA). Repeated solidification runs at identical supercoolings carried out on USMP-3 and USMP-4 allow statistical analyses of dendritic morphology and kinetics. Using these results the three-dimensional dynamic shape of dendrites can be determined up to the region on the crystal-melt interface where side branches form. The observed shape appears to be consistent with the cubic symmetry of the two test materials studied in the IDGE. Measurements of the tip motions of PVA dendrites were supported by video data acquired during the last space flight on USMP-4. Techniques are described that permit measurement of the displacement-time curves for dendrites as their pattern developed from the initial formation stages to the approach to steady state. These highly time-resolved data were analyzed by regression techniques to study the kinetic behavior during the transient period of dendritic growth. Analysis of residuals from the regression analysis show two interesting findings: 1) True steady-state is never quite achieved, although the weaker final transient appears to approach steady-state closely. 2) Image processing of the dynamic video data, using Lomb periodograms, indicate the presence of some characteristic frequencies associated with the dendritic tip region. Several explanations are offered for the new findings, involving both extrinsic and intrinsic phenomena associated with the IDGE.", 
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