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    "description": "Based on the first-principles Local Density Functional (LDA) calculation of the electronic states both for the tip and the sample surface, theoretical simulation of scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy has been performed for various surface systems. For the tip, cluster models made of 10\u201320 atoms are utilized and for the sample surface slab models with several atomic layers are adopted. It is found that most of the tunnel current is concentrated on a single apex atom, if the other atoms on the top of the tip are not located on the same level. In such a case the STM image is normal with an atomic resolution. However, if the apex of the tip is formed by more than one atom, abnormal images tend to be formed. We can verify this feature by the numerical results for graphite, Si(100), and Si(111)/Ag surfaces. Due to the interplay between the tip and surface electronic states, some exotic behavior of electron tunneling can be observed in STM/STS. As examples we discuss the negative tunneling conductance observed in a nano-scale region, and the light emission from STM. These phenomena are explained based on realistic calculations of electronic states of the tip/sample system.", 
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